使用3D激光扫描来检测盐和冰洞的结构变化

案例分析

作者:Tommaso Santagata

陆地激光扫描(TLS)已用于地下调查已有十多年了,并且越来越多地用于洞穴的A勘探和研究中。虚拟地理机构的Tommaso Santagata维亚最近使用了Leica Geosystemslaser scanning solutions在两个洞穴调查中:对智利Lechuza盐洞的形态(形式和结构)变化的研究,意大利的自然井冰洞。

Santagata explains how detailed scanning at intervals can offer insight into physical changes in cave environments, “Although most processes occurring in caves are relatively slow, some can be fast, such as erosion caused by flooding. These geological changes can be monitored by terrestrial laser scanning surveys and measured by comparing ‘before and after’ 3D models. It’s an interesting tool for making comparisons over time and is therefore increasingly being used in the study of climate change.”


Measuring changes caused by flooding in the Lechuza cave (Cordillera de La Sal)



靠近智利村庄圣佩德罗·德·阿塔卡马(San Pedro de Atacama)是一个重要的洞穴,由寡西新世矿物沉积物岩石组成,被称为Cordillera de la Sal。Two surveys carried out in 2015 and 2018 allowed Santagata’s team to verify and measure small topographical changes in the cave due to a flood in 2017, which caused the river in the cave to flow and dissolve a measurable amount of halite - commonly known as rock salt.

2015年,对洞穴进行了完整的3D调查。La Venta Esplorazioni Geografiche以及Trieste的Grotte Eugenio Boegan委员会。该团队使用Leica HDS7000基于阶段的激光扫描仪进行大约50次扫描。2018年,La Venta团队与博洛尼亚大学合作使用了Leica Scanstation P40进行68次扫描,包括在洞穴上游的外部峡谷中进行调查的大约200米,这是国家地理学会支持的研究项目“阅读盐洞”的一部分。

随后分析了以云文件格式获得的Lechuza数据,以确定发生变化的区域。Santagata解释说:“由于发现非常有限的变化,因此有必要识别共同点并将点云定位在相同的起源和方向上以进行比较。在洞穴的至少三个区域中,对地板上天花板和侵蚀的崩溃进行了认可并数字化,以获取洞穴这些部分的详细部分。这两项调查之间的比较表明,在这种情况下,有可能准确记录发生分离或倾向侵蚀的区域。”


的natural well ice-rock cave monitoring project: measuring ice collapses



的second study concerns the underground ice deposit in the Cenote Abyss, one of the deepest and most voluminous caves of the Italian Dolomites. The 280metre-deep ice cave was discovered in 1994 after the entrance opened as a result of the abrupt emptying of a small lake in the Regional Park of Fanes, Sennes and Braies. The cave’s vertical entrance consists of a massive 130metre-thick layered ice deposit; at the lower limit of the ice-filled entrance part a shaft opens – ice-free and 165 metres deep – leading into a dome-shaped chamber occupied by a cave rock glacier.

激光扫描调查于2015年,2016年进行,并于2018年允许Santagata的团队估计由于崩溃并获取数据以进行完整监测项目而导致的变化。2015年10月的首次探险包括使用基于HDS7000阶段的激光扫描仪对最终腔室进行完整的3D激光扫描调查。这项调查提供了腔室(420,000立方米)的详细体积,以及从天花板上悬挂的冰块和底部岩石冰川的冰块位置的第一个记录。在这次探险中以及随后在2016年和2018年的探险中,洞穴的其他部分使用扫描仪P40进行了3D扫描。

桑塔加塔(Santagata)解释说:“由于接下来的几年中的一些段落填充了一些段落,因此不可能重复对最终会议厅的调查(这将是未来探险的目标)。但是,这些年来,在洞穴上部获得的数据使我们能够研究入口附近前两个房间发生的变化。特别是,一个区域突出了崩溃,导致通道扩大。2016年之后发生了通道。该区域在倒塌之前和之后进行了3D扫描,获得的数据使我们能够验证分离并量化岩石的体积并量化了崩溃的岩石量。。”

使用两种不同的方法比较点云:首先,我们进行了两个数据集之间的快速比较,以了解将我们更详细的分析集中在哪里。其次,我们提取了感兴趣领域的几个“切片”。我们向这些区域出口以进行完全数字化,以更好地估计岩石倒塌的量,约为61m³。”


Ongoing studies: Using 3D models to understand geological processes



研究表明,3D激光扫描是一种有用的测量技术,可突出自然结构的变化。获得的数据可用于帮助解释其他地质信息,Santagata说:“例如,通过比较Lechuza Cave研究突出显示的变化提供了有趣的数据,这些数据很容易与这两个调查活动之间的降雨相关联。。”

“In the case of the Cenote Abyss, the collapses probably occurred due to temperature variations, considering that the area is subject to oscillations between surface and cave temperatures recorded by temperature and air pressure sensors installed in the cave. A detailed environmental monitoring of this area of the cave is ongoing and the repeated 3D models will allow us to understand if these processes are important for the origin and development of ice caves in the Alps.”


探索3D中的项目:
Atacama盐洞
Atacama 3D型号
Cenote 2018探险
Cenote 3D模型

参与调查的关键人物:Tommaso Santagata(Vigea-虚拟地理机构和La Venta Esplorazioni Geografiche),Umberto del Vecchio(Vigea-虚拟地理机构和La Venta Esplorazioni Geografiche),乔·德·沃尔(Boolgna and La Venta大学),弗朗切斯科·索罗(Francesco Sauro)(博洛尼亚大学和拉文塔大学),斯特凡诺·法布里(Stefano Fabbri)(博洛尼亚大学/拉文塔大学)。

的Lechuza cave expeditions were organised by the Association La Venta Esplorazioni Geografiche with the scientific support of the BIGEA Department of the University of Bologna and with the collaboration of the Commissione Grotte E. Boegan in 2015. The scientific expedition in 2018 received funding from the National Geographic Society and was realised with the support of CONAF Chile. The Cenote monitoring is a multidisciplinary project organised as part of the Inside the Glaciers project with the collaboration of La Venta, BIGEA and the Regional Park of Fanes Sennes and Braies with the collaboration of Studio GST and Eli Friulia, the Speleo Club Proteo of Vicenza, the Gruppo Grotte Treviso and the Gruppo Speleologico Padovano.

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Environmental, social and governance impact: Climate research

陆地激光扫描允许以非常高的精度测量最多1,000米的距离。Obtaining 3D information of natural objects with such high accuracy and high spatial resolution grants researchers new insights into less explored structures. Scanning at intervals and comparing the data allows them to trace physical changes. As global warming accelerates such processes, TLS provides valuable data for climate researchers in their efforts to address sustainability.
陆地激光扫描允许以非常高的精度测量最多1,000米的距离。以如此高的精度获取天然物体的3D信息...

激光扫描行业应用

With the introduction of laser scanning, measuring and documenting is simplified and improved across all industries.
With the introduction of laser scanning, measuring and documenting is simplified and improved across all industries.