创建世界上最大的火山洞的3D地图,以帮助未来的太空任务

Case study

尽管相距数十万公里,但兰萨罗特岛和月亮岛也有着显着的相似之处。西班牙岛属于大西洋的金丝雀群岛,是世界上最大的火山洞穴和类似于月球景观的风景。实际上,该岛被选为在太空任务之前的宇航员训练的位置。最近,兰萨罗特(Lanzarote)的电晕熔岩管帮助了欧洲航天局的团队探索和研究在月球和火星等行星上观察到的类似特征的洞穴。

As a result of the latest advancements and innovation in geospatial technology, several field surveys were conducted in 2017 led by Tommaso Santagata from the Virtual Geographic Agency维亚,部署3D陆地激光扫描(TLS)和移动映射解决方案,导致地球上最大的熔岩管的第一个3D复制品。


探索电晕熔岩管的深度



电晕熔岩管位于兰萨罗特(Lanzarote)的北部,延伸了8.5公里,由干燥和淹没的通道组成,其中一些部分宽25米。尽管最初的探索和初始映射始于七十年代,但直到第一个地形调查进行了六十年代初,其真正的扩展才是未知的。由地方政府Cabildo de Lanzarote委托的最新,最雄心勃勃的3D扫描项目也实施了最新的移动地图技术,该技术是欧洲航天局培训课程Pangaea-X的一部分。这项培训使他们能够测试将在未来太空任务中使用的新工具和技术。

为了成功执行该项目,在一年的过程中完成了各种Leica GeoSystems解决方案,包括Leica HDS7000,,,,Leica Scanstation P40andLeica BLK360激光扫描仪以及Leica Pegasus:背包移动映射解决方案。结果是地球上熔岩管的最大3D复制品,绘制了5.7公里的洞穴通道。


Capturing every detail with the latest laser scanning technology



完成了三个单独的调查和超过440张扫描,以绘制熔岩管系统,该系统由通过外部倒塌相互连接的不同部分组成。这些崩溃用于地理参考,在外表面的洞穴内进行的激光扫描调查。通过来自西班牙地质服务的全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)测量,光检测和范围(LIDAR)数据,这是可能的,通过沿洞穴路径的无人机(UAV)飞行获得的摄影测量数据。

更具体地说,使用HDS7000绘制了800米的上述海平面通道,并使用扫描仪P40估计五公里。此外,在Pangaea-X探险期间,还部署了BLK360成像激光扫描仪以扫描约300米的高层。

Increased accuracy and mobility with the Leica Pegasus:Backpack

To generate an even more detailed 3D map, a survey was performed using the Pegasus:Backpack mobile mapping solution. Designed to capture 3D data in overground and underground environments, with images and point clouds collected by five cameras and two LiDAR profilers. Its lightweight and ergonomic structure allowed teams to comfortably navigate the difficult terrain and to instantly visualise the data on a handheld tablet computer.

“由于熔岩管系统的复杂和地下性质,Pegasus:Backpack被部署以获取融合的SLAM数据 - 在带有GNSS数据的户外环境中开始和结束,但在很大程度上探索了没有卫星的洞穴,”Co-Founder of Virtual Geographic Agency Vigea 3D and an expert on Lanzarote’s volcanic cave system. As the lengthiest part of the mission was carried out without any GNSS information, the second phase of the data processing was to reinforce the calculation of the path recorded using a SLAM algorithm and the information obtained by the LiDAR mounted on the Pegasus:Backpack.


处理数据并创建最终的3D地图



“收集了大量数据 - 仅与原始激光扫描数据相对应的400 GB -狮子旋风3D point cloud processing office software was then deployed to align the scans and process a unified point cloud of the cave,” says Santagata. “Once the 3D map was available in a single point cloud, several outputs were generated as topographic maps with plans and sections of the lava tube.” In addition, the data was subsequently used to produce comparisons with other lava tubes on earth, with the objective of studying similar features on the Moon and Mars — this operation was performed using theAutodesk AutoCAD2017 software.

除了科学目的和培训for future space missions, the data was also used to produce multimedia and interactive contents like video animations, virtual reality and desktop applications showing the wider public the lesser known parts of the Corona lava tube system. Only limited sections are open to the public at Cueva de Los Verdes and Jameos del Agua. Furthermore, the results of this project were presented during an event on the management of touristic caves organised by the Cabildo de Lanzarote in 2019, where a virtual reality stand was installed to show the cave to the public.


最新探险更新:支持搜索“进食”细菌



2021年春季,桑塔加塔(Santagata)返回兰萨罗特(Lanzarote),以支持微生物学研究项目。由塞维利亚自然资源与农业生物学研究所(CSIC)的地球生物学家安娜·米勒(Ana Miller)领导的Tubolan项目是为研究生活在Lanzarote Lava Tube Tube Systems中的微生物的。该团队的发现将帮助那些在月球和火星上寻找生活的人,这些人也有熔岩系统。尽管这些条件与地球上的条件不同,但理论上也可以支持火星和月球洞穴系统,也可以支持通过使用和转化矿物质生存和生长的化学自由营养微生物。在Tubolan项目的框架中,Santagata使用Leica BLK360制作扫描和360度视频,这有助于研究洞穴的形成,并发现比以往任何时候都更多的洞穴地理。可以观看令人惊叹的视频镜头维亚的YouTube频道

进一步阅读:
SAURO F., POZZOBON R., SANTAGATA T., TOMASI I., TONELLO M., MARTÍNEZ-FRÍAS J., SMETS L.M., GÓMEZ G.D., MASSIRONI M. (2019)兰萨罗特的火山洞:一种自然实验室,用于了解火山孔隙遗传学过程和行星洞穴。在Lanzarote和Chinijo群岛地质公园中:从地球到太空(第125-142页)。施普林格,康。

Sauro F.,Pozzobon R.,Massironi M.,de Bernardinis P.,Santagata T.,de Waele J.(2020)Lava tubes on Earth, Moon and Mars: a review on their size and morphology revealed by comparative planetology。地球科学评论103288。

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激光扫描行业应用

随着激光扫描的引入,所有行业都简化和改进了测量和记录。
随着激光扫描的引入,所有行业都简化和改进了测量和记录。