巨石阵景观的全新景色

作者：Renata Barradas Gutiérrez

Geospatial technologies are reshaping how archaeologists study and unlock history’s secrets. Stonehenge, one of the most famous landmarks and studied monuments in the United Kingdom, is being revealed with modern tools after centuries of excavations and theories. With more than 10,000 years of history, this UNESCO World Heritage site, including the wider landscape where it sits, has been digitally mapped to disclose hundreds of new features, brightening our understanding of this iconic cultural landscape.

To solve its mysteries, archaeologists from the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology (LBI ArchPro) and the University of Birmingham used geospatial technologies, such as laser scanning, magnetometry and ground penetrating radar combined with geographic information systems (GIS) and GNSS positioning, to创建数字模型。模型include visible and invisible archaeological features that are part of a unified digital map。

This五年考古项目实现了传统的发掘方法将需要几十年的时间才能完成。巨石阵隐藏的景观项目是同类最大的努力，revealing hidden monumentsaround the area to understand how they interconnect with Stonehenge and its surrounding sacred landscape, and the people who built them.

Tools for non-invasive archaeology

该项目始建于2010年，其目标是通过对最先进的地球物理调查和遥感技术的无缝调查来创建巨石阵周围整个景观的详细数字考古图。

To achieve this, non-invasive prospection methods were used to map the visible and invisible:
•Leica Geosystems机器人总站和现场软件亚博5分钟快三
• Leica Geosystems GNSS and GPS systems
• High-resolution magnetometer prospection
•接地穿透雷达（GPR）
• Electromagnetic induction
•3D激光扫描

The newdata retrieved with all this equipment threw light upon 10,000 years of human progressand the culture and people that flourished around them. The measurementdata from ground-penetrating radar, high-resolution magnetometers and 3D laser scanning and geophysical instruments were combined within a GIS and then analysed to produce a multilayer digital map that shows how the landscape developed over thousands of years。

Finding lost monuments in vacant space

Thebiggest geophysical prospection survey ever doneworldwide resulted in the发现几个未知古迹在众所周知的石圈周围的空间中。

“开发非侵入性方法来记录我们的文化遗产是我们这个时代最大的挑战之一，只能通过调整最新技术来实现，例如地面穿透雷达阵列和高分辨率磁力计；”said Professor Wolfgang Neubauer, director of the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute.“The developments of the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology offers the opportunity to carry out fundamental archaeological research at a scale and precision never previously attempted。”

GPRwith Leica GeosystemsGNSS antennas were used to map the underground with a geo-referenced local coordinate system。使用Leica Geosystems GPS系统，LBI考古学家可以建立一个控制点网络，用于跟踪测量设备。地理参考方法的厘米准确性和速度对于此任务至关重要。

作为挑战的一部分，团队必须开发所有电动系统，并使他们在短时间内完成工作的同时在现场运行。维修，修改和开发必须在现场和自己进行。Neubauer教授和他的团队使用了Leica Geosystems GNSS和Leica Geosystems机器人总站来跟踪和浏览新型的机动调查工具，并为调查所揭示亚博5分钟快三的“异常”的确切位置。

Anomalies detected by GPR in 2013, originally believed to be buried stones, have been staked out using Leica Geosystems total stations at Durrington Walls, 3 kilometres from the stone circle. The following excavations proofed the anomalies to be the stony refill of large pits for massive timber posts forming a major monument with a diameter of more than 500 metres predating the stone circle. The excavation project used fully 3D digital documentation including Leica Geoystems total stations and was awarded英国考古学在2016年英国最佳项目。

Ancient engineering ambitions revealed

Stonehenge is not isolated in its landscape. The findings helped to conceive Stonehenge, at the heart of a fast evolving and dynamic sacred landscape with a size of40公里平方。The survey of unprecedented scale and resolution became possible due to technological advancements and knowledge and uncovered the complex interconnections between the surviving monuments and many other new discovered monuments belonging to the lost civilizations. This allowed scientist and researchers to put it all together in one big picture – allowing to accurately tell Stonehenge’s story as part of a sacred landscape.

通过观察th巨石阵只能理解e monuments around it and how that landscape has evolved. Using cutting edge, multi-sensor technologies, numerous archaeological structures could be uncovered, such as the new large timber monument at Durrington Walls. The results of the survey include 17 new Neolithic including barrows, henges, ditches and enormous prehistoric pits, dating to the periods before, contemporary and after the time when Stonehenge was at its zenith. Built to celebrate the passage of the sun, linking its position with the landscape, the new discoveries support the ritual significance of Stonehenge and its landscape on the Salisbury Plain in England.

重塑这一代的巨石阵

最初用石材和骨工具雕刻的是用21世纪的地理空间技术揭示的。数百个新发现的功能使研究人员能够制作出更详细的考古数字地图，从而揭示了巨石阵的大图。Leica Geosystems设备帮助考古学家追踪了过去10，000年来占据景观的人类的痕迹，并将其在空间和时间上的地点与数字地图相关，这将指导未来的巨石阵及其景观。