3D中的地球内部

案例分析

Leica Pangea

Special to the Reporter from the European Space Agency

小时候,3D洞穴映射的Speleists兼专家Tommaso Santagata从未想象过他会测试一些最新,最具创新性的3D扫描技术,以进行未来的太空探索。2017年,他在欧洲航天局(ESA)太空飞行模拟现场运动中在西班牙兰萨罗特(Lanzarote)度过了五天的密集映射。虽然该开创性课程的第一个结果不断流入,但冒险的speleoloks已经产生了largest 3D scan of a lava tube on Earth

他与地质学家Umberto del Vecchio和Marta Lazzaroni一起绘制了大部分熔岩管系统,作为由Lanzarote和意大利Padova大学支持的项目的一部分。最终的地图非常详细,帮助当地机构保护这种地下环境。它还提供了科学数据来研究管子的起源及其特殊的地层。


地形



Pangea-X探险队冒险进入西班牙Lanzarote岛的“ La Cueva de Los Verdes”熔岩,这是世界上最大的火山洞综合体之一,总长度约为8公里。该洞穴既有干燥的部分也有水。

熔岩管的6公里干部分具有自然的开放天窗,或Jameos正如当地人所说的那样,它们沿着洞穴路径对齐。其中一些洞穴足够大,可以容纳住宅街道和房屋。

These formations are similar to those found on Mars and on the moon. Being underground structures, they offer good shelters from radiation. This similarity makes Lanzarote a great environment to train astronauts and simulate space exploration.


为什么要在洞穴内进行3D映射?



When a new environment is discovered, mapping the area is always a first starting point of exploration. This also applies to missions to other planets, where one of the main objectives will be to choose places to setup base camp.

熔岩管是具有恒定温度的环境,免受宇宙辐射的屏蔽,并免受微量历史的保护,为人类提供了安全的栖息地。

精确测量熔岩洞穴的几何形状将使科学家改善其模型,并更好地了解他们对其他天体的演变。

由于这些原因,学习如何在地球上绘制熔岩管正在帮助探索地球。ESA宇航员Matthias Maurer加入了探险队,测试Leica Geosystems开发的两种不同的乐器,Leica Pegasus:背包和Leica BLK360。


移动映射



Leica Geosystems移动映射团队在短短20分钟内就如何操作Pegasus:背包培训了Maurer。

宇航员走过困难的地形,并通过平板电脑当场检查了结果。他通过沿着试管行走并返回以比较数据的准确性来执行洞穴映射任务。

“Hiking and performing geological mapping with the high-tech backpack was easy and efficient. I can perfectly see it integrated in our spacesuits for future exploration missions to the Moon or Mars,”莫勒说。

The Pegasus:Backpack synchronises images collected by five cameras and two 3D imaging LIDAR profilers, the laser equivalent of radar. It enables accurate mapping where satellite navigation is unavailable, such as in caves.


任务

该团队使用Pegasus:背包进行了两次不同的收购,以测试该解决方案中嵌入的所有定位技术。这两个任务均使用Leica Pegasus Manager软件处理。

1.融合 同时本地化和映射(SLAM)任务

Starting from the outdoor with good GNSS conditions then going indoor in challenging GNSS conditions with very low or zero satellites coverage and finishing the mission outdoor with good GNSS conditions. For this type of mission, the team used multiple positioning technologies: GNSS + Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) + SLAM. The processing software recognised automatically the different phases of the mission.

The Pegasus:Backpack, the first position-agnostic solution, could track Maurer’s movements during the data acquisition, and the IMU recorded them 125 times per second. This way, the team obtains a first good trajectory with greatest accuracy at both the beginning and the end of the mission. The team needed to re-enforce the calculation for the part with zero satellites coverage using SLAM. At this stage, no pictures or point clouds are created. The part of the mission without any GNSS information used the trajectory obtained in the previous step as an input value to process the SLAM algorithm. The result is an improved trajectory with an estimation of the positioning error where point clouds, pictures orientation and spherical views are generated.

2.The pure SLAM mission

纯粹的大满贯任务通常是在诸如建筑物,洞穴和隧道之类的GNSS贬低环境中的任务。用于此类任务的主要定位传感器是指南针,IMU和SLAM仅激光雷达(So Lidar)。正确放置参数,完整的任务可能是单击一次处理。PEGASUS:背包的基本轨迹是使用Compass和IMU的信息处理的。完整的任务使用第一个轨迹作为输入值来处理SLAM算法。点云和图片方向和球形视图是通过此轨迹生成的。


3D激光扫描

在Lanzarote, lava tubes generally develop along tunnels on different levels due to lava flowing over multiple eruptions and following cracks and crevasses left from previous eruptions. It is not always possible to access the upper levels without climbing equipment.

作为洞穴2016培训课程的一部分,该团队使用了摄影测量法 - 从至少两张照片中获得精确的测量和3D数据 - 作为一个很好的选择。但是,摄影测量法不能总是保证良好的结果,尤其是没有正确的光条件。

为了解决这些问题,Pangea-X活动测试了BLK360,这是市场上最小,最轻的成像扫描仪。Leica Geosystems团队以固定位置进行操作,获得仅三分钟内的360°环境图像通过按一个按钮并直接通过平板电脑应用对齐扫描。

less than three hours, data from both instruments obtained a complete 3D model of a熔岩管的1.3公里。

Pangea-X活动使用了两种最新的Leica Geosystems Technologies进行苛刻的任务。这两种技术都提供了有价值的信息和准确的数据,以在不可用的卫星导航的短时间内绘制区域。

A version of this story first appeared in the European Space Agency blog.

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