3D洞穴映射与手持式和陆地激光扫描

Author: Tommaso Santagata

在意大利北部，在雷吉奥·埃米利亚（Reggio Emilia）的阿本尼（Apennine）地区是“塔娜·德拉·穆西纳（Tana Della Mussina）”，这是一个以盖塔诺·基里奇（Gaetano Chierici）在1872年发掘中发现的考古文物而闻名的洞穴。作为当地洞穴小组的研究项目的一部分 -GSPGC- the virtual Geographic agency Vigea recently 3D scanned the entrance part of this cave system using theLeica Blk2go, a handheld imaging laser scanner.

Mobile scanning allowed a team led by Tommaso Santagata from Vigea to map more of the cave than in previous surveys, thanks to the equipment’s smaller size, lighter weight and fast scanning speeds. This technique has the potential to allow cave researchers to capture 3D detail in challenging sites.

3D mapping the Tana della Mussina

The project was organised by the GSPGC caving group and theFSRERcaving association. Since 1967 the GSPGC has carried out exploration, research and study of the underground world in Italy and internationally. The group has discovered and explored numerous caves, often of considerable development and depth. They take part in many exploratory and research collaborations with most Italian speleological (cave study) groups, both regionally and nationally.

Tana Della Mussina是CàSperanza-Mussina Cave System的一部分，该系统本身就是Messinian Gypsum的一部分（日期为5.6至600万年）。石膏以一系列不连续的白垩露头为特征，这些露头的特征是存在几个凹坑，在许多情况下，粘土和泥浆的滑坡遮住了，它们会耗尽地表水的饲养喀斯特系统。喀斯特是由石灰石，白云岩和石膏等可溶岩石形成的土地。Gaetano Chierici在1872年对洞穴发掘的发掘发现了人类的遗体（公元前第三千年）和陶瓷，火石和铜伪影。

Terrestrial Laser Scanning vs mobile mapping in cave systems

陆地激光扫描（TLS）仪器越来越多地用于3D地图自然和人工洞穴进行研究，提供了高度准确的细节。但是，并非总是可以创建完整的地图。地下环境本质上是具有挑战性的，通过狭窄和低通道可能难以进入，可能含有高水位，其寒冷温度使研究变得困难。

“There are sometimes limitations in the use of laser scanners which require tripods, or to be held in difficult positions to work safely, compromising the possibility of 3D scanning some complete cave environments. Handheld imaging laser scanners are newer instruments able to provide a 3D point cloud of the environment while walking. This kind of technology can be used for the almost complete capture of cave systems thanks to the possibility of moving much more comfortably and detecting in faster times,” Santagata explains.

Testing the BLK2GO handheld imaging scanner in Tana della Mussina

As part of the GSPGC and FSRER project, Tana della Mussina was the object of 3D scanned surveys in 2019 and 2020. In the first survey, the cave was 3D scanned using aLeica ScanStation P40测量级，高清3D激光扫描解决方案和BLK2GO，手持，无线和轻量级成像激光扫描仪。处理的数据经过处理以创建地形图。2020年6月，对BLK2GO扫描仪进行了测试，其目标是3D扫描，该扫描是在上一场运动中已经绘制过的洞穴的同一部分。

Santagata解释了映射过程：“与惯性测量单元（IMU）集成在一起，BLK2GO允许我们进入3D地图并获取RGB数据信息以获得彩色的3D点云。当您移动时，BLK2GO将重新创建3D空间。与iPhone配对并使用Leica Geosystems的专用应用程序，它使我们能够实时查看结果的预览并控制乐器，并可能获取照片并添加在导出点云中查看的地理标签。”

Future of cave scanning – combining instruments for freedom and high definition

Santagata反思了该项目的成功以及在洞穴场景中移动映射的潜力，“ 3D激光扫描技术中的新创新可以带来斑方学的进展，尤其是通过使用便携式映射系统。诸如BLK2GO之类的手持移动映射工具能够从传统的激光扫描仪系统（可以保证更精确和更高的定义）中获取不同的细节，从而使我们能够在具有更多自由的地下环境中检测到3D。”

至关重要的是，通过集成不同的系统，可以使用陆地激光扫描仪在感兴趣的领域获得更大的细节，并在短时间内与手持式系统快速对环境进行快速的全球映射，这是理想的结果。”

Explore the projects in 3D:
Test in Cave
Data Elaboration Insidefrom Valerio Brunelli
Data Elaboration Outsidefrom Valerio Brunelli

参与该项目的关键人物：Tommaso Santagata（Vigea-虚拟地理代理），Valerio Brunelli（意大利Leica Geosystems）和Stefano Bergianti（Gruppo Speleologico Paletnologico Gaetnologico Gaetano Gaetano gaetano Chierici di Reggio Emilia）。

进一步阅读：
DE WAELE, J., FABBRI, S., SANTAGATA, T., CHIARINI, V., COLUMBU, A., PISANI, L.(2018)Geomorphological and speleogenetical observations using terrestrial laser scanning and 3D photogrammetry in a gypsum cave (Emilia Romagna, N. Italy). Geomorphology,319, 47-61.